Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Megaton shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Megaton offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Megaton at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Megaton? Wrong! If the Megaton is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Megaton then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Megaton? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Megaton and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Megaton wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Megaton then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Megaton site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Megaton, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Megaton, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
TNT equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. The
tonne of TNT is used as a
Units of energy, approximately equivalent to the energy released in the detonation of this amount of Trinitrotoluene.
The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to rate the energy output, and hence destructive power, of nuclear weapons (see nuclear weapon yield). This unit is written into various
CTBT, and gives a sense of destructiveness as compared with ordinary explosives, like TNT. More recently, it has been used to describe the energy released in other highly destructive events, such as
asteroid impacts.
Value
A gram of
trinitrotoluene releases 980–1100
calories upon explosion. To define the
tonne of TNT, this was arbitrarily standardized to 1000 thermochemical calories = 1 gram TNT = 4184 J (exactly). NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): Appendix B8 - Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically
This definition is a conventional one. Explosives' energy is normally calculated using the
thermodynamic work energy of detonation, which for TNT has been accurately measured at 1120 cal/g from large numbers of air blast experiments and theoretically calculated to be 1160 cal/g.Cooper, Paul.
Explosives Engineering, New York: Wiley-VCH, 1996, pp 406.
The measured pure
heat output of a gram of TNT is only 651 thermochemical calories ≈ 2724 J, "Physics for Future Presidents, a textbook", 2001-2002, Richard A. Muller, Chapter 1. Energy, Power, and Explosions but this is not the important value for explosive blast effect calculations.
{| class="wikitable"! Grams TNT! Symbol! Tons TNT! Symbol! Energy|-| gram of TNT| g| microton of TNT| μT| 4.184 J|-| kilogram of TNT| kg| milliton of TNT| mT| 4.184 J|-| megagram of TNT| Mg| ton of TNT| t| 4.184 J|-| gigagram of TNT| Gg| kiloton of TNT| kt| 4.184 J|-| teragram of TNT| Tg| megaton of TNT| Mt| 4.184 J|-| petagram of TNT| Pg| gigaton of TNT| Gt| 4.184 J|}
Examples
The
atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (~6.3 joules). The nuclear weapons currently in the arsenal of the United States range in nuclear weapon yield from 0.3 kt to over 3 Mt TNT equivalent, as achieved by the Lockheed manufactured Trident II missile. During the Cold War, the United States developed
hydrogen bombs with a maximum theoretical yield of 25 Mt; the Soviet Union developed a prototype weapon, nick-named the
Tsar Bomba, which was tested at 50 Mt, but had a maximum theoretical yield of 100 Mt.See Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields, Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Tsar Bomba, all from Carey Sublette's Nuclear Weapon Archive. The actual destruction of such weapons can vary greatly depending on conditions, such as the altitude at which they are detonated, the nature of the target they are detonated against, and the physical features of the landscape where they are detonated.
On a much grander scale, supernova explosions give off about 1044 joules of energy, which is about ten octillion (1028) megatons of TNT.
By
E=mc^2, when 1 kilogram of antimatter annihilates with 1 kilogram of matter the reaction produces 1.8 J, which is equal to 42.96 Mt.In antiproton annihilation, about 50% of this energy is carried off by effectively invisible neutrinos (see S.K. Borowski, Comparison of Fusion/Antiproton Propulsion systems); in contrast, almost 100% of
electron-positron annihilation events emit their energy entirely asgamma rays.
See also
References
- Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
- Nuclear Weapons FAQ Part 1.3
- Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.
TNT equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. The
tonne of TNT is used as a
Units of energy, approximately equivalent to the energy released in the detonation of this amount of
Trinitrotoluene.
The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to rate the energy output, and hence destructive power, of nuclear weapons (see
nuclear weapon yield). This unit is written into various
CTBT, and gives a sense of destructiveness as compared with ordinary explosives, like TNT. More recently, it has been used to describe the energy released in other highly destructive events, such as asteroid impacts.
Value
A gram of trinitrotoluene releases 980–1100
calories upon explosion. To define the
tonne of TNT, this was arbitrarily standardized to 1000 thermochemical calories = 1 gram TNT = 4184 J (exactly). NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): Appendix B8 - Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically
This definition is a conventional one. Explosives' energy is normally calculated using the thermodynamic work energy of detonation, which for TNT has been accurately measured at 1120 cal/g from large numbers of air blast experiments and theoretically calculated to be 1160 cal/g.Cooper, Paul.
Explosives Engineering, New York: Wiley-VCH, 1996, pp 406.
The measured pure heat output of a gram of TNT is only 651 thermochemical calories ≈ 2724 J, "Physics for Future Presidents, a textbook", 2001-2002, Richard A. Muller, Chapter 1. Energy, Power, and Explosions but this is not the important value for explosive blast effect calculations.
{| class="wikitable"! Grams TNT! Symbol! Tons TNT! Symbol! Energy|-| gram of TNT| g| microton of TNT| μT| 4.184 J|-| kilogram of TNT| kg| milliton of TNT| mT| 4.184 J|-| megagram of TNT| Mg| ton of TNT| t| 4.184 J|-| gigagram of TNT| Gg| kiloton of TNT| kt| 4.184 J|-| teragram of TNT| Tg| megaton of TNT| Mt| 4.184 J|-| petagram of TNT| Pg| gigaton of TNT| Gt| 4.184 J|}
Examples
The
atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (~6.3 joules). The nuclear weapons currently in the arsenal of the United States range in
nuclear weapon yield from 0.3 kt to over 3 Mt TNT equivalent, as achieved by the Lockheed manufactured Trident II missile. During the Cold War, the United States developed
hydrogen bombs with a maximum theoretical yield of 25 Mt; the
Soviet Union developed a prototype weapon, nick-named the Tsar Bomba, which was tested at 50 Mt, but had a maximum theoretical yield of 100 Mt.See Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields, Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons, Tsar Bomba, all from Carey Sublette's Nuclear Weapon Archive. The actual destruction of such weapons can vary greatly depending on conditions, such as the altitude at which they are detonated, the nature of the target they are detonated against, and the physical features of the landscape where they are detonated.
On a much grander scale,
supernova explosions give off about 1044 joules of energy, which is about ten octillion (1028) megatons of TNT.
By E=mc^2, when 1 kilogram of antimatter annihilates with 1 kilogram of matter the reaction produces 1.8 J, which is equal to 42.96 Mt.In antiproton annihilation, about 50% of this energy is carried off by effectively invisible neutrinos (see S.K. Borowski, Comparison of Fusion/Antiproton Propulsion systems); in contrast, almost 100% of
electron-positron annihilation events emit their energy entirely asgamma rays.
See also
References
- Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
- Nuclear Weapons FAQ Part 1.3
- Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.
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Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms. Noun: 1. megaton bomb - a nuclear weapon with an explosive power equivalent to one million tons of TNT
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